King Mswati III has once more become embroiled in controversy, this time over statements he made that the custom of polygamy did not contribute to the spread of HIV/Aids, contradicting studies that have established a connection.

The human rights group Amnesty International (AI) has called on the African Union (AU) to back plans to boost and protect the rights of women on the continent. The call comes as a high level AU ministerial conference meets in Addis Ababa on Monday to discuss plans for strengthening women’s rights.

This just released publication, developed by Raising Voices in collaboration with UNIFEM and Action Aid-Uganda, sheds new light on how community-based organisations can design and implement a participatory project to prevent domestic violence. The Resource Guide describes a conceptual framework for preventing domestic violence and provides extensive strategy and activity suggestions for organisations interested in working systematically to affect individual and social change within their communities. Special features in the Resource Guide include: rights-based program ideas and activities; full colour examples of learning materials such as posters, games, murals and booklets; a comprehensive community activism course; and, simple, ready to use documentation and monitoring tools. For more information visit www.raisingvoices.org or email us at [email protected]

Nomvula Nhlapo fell in love at the age of 16 and, to the fury of her father, left home to live with her boyfriend. Four years later, she returned, terminally ill with Aids. Her father refused to allow her into the house. She collapsed under a tree and stayed there for the last few weeks of her life. Nomvula's lonely death sums up the course of the epidemic here. Compared with Aids in the developed world, in South Africa the disease is primarily one affecting women: more women than men carry the virus, they are infected at a younger age, and they die earlier.

It was a trip that had become almost routine. As a lawyer, Gugulethu Moyo was accustomed to visiting Harare police stations, but last Tuesday she walked into a nightmare when she attempted to secure the release of a photographer arrested while covering Zimbabwe's two-day national strike. The 28-year-old lawyer endured vicious beatings and two nights behind bars on the whim of the wife of Zimbabwe's army commander.

A key index for measuring the march of civilisation in any society is its comprehensive recognition of, defence and promotion of women's economic, socio-cultural, civil, human and political rights. By this measurement, all human societies so far have failed to achieve full civilisation. The only difference is that some have failed more spectacularly than others, and some have been more successful at disguising their failure with sophisticated deception.

The above is by no means a harsh judgement. The reality remains that in most societies and across all time women remain the most consistently discriminated against and exploited section of society. Wherever a higher or sharper form of discrimination has existed whether on the basis of race, nationality or religion, women have been doubly exploited both by members of their own race, class or nationality, and by the exploiters of their race, language group or nationality. This must end sooner rather than later if humanity's claim of being civilised is to have any real meaning.

Every year, the 'world' celebrates international women's day on 8 March. In numerous countries, many women are not even aware of the date. In most countries, this means seminars, workshops and lots of speeches - mostly for campaigners and the elite. There is nothing wrong with these. However we must go beyond mere commemoration and utilise this date in two ways. Firstly as an opportunity for an annual review of the progress made towards securing the institutionalisation of women's rights on a universal basis. And secondly as an opportunity to involve everyday women - and men - in the process of strategizing on ways to eliminate all remaining forms of discrimination against women.

But in order to make progress towards sweeping away the obstacles to the full emancipation of women, we all - men and women - must appreciate the framework that upholds this unjust discrimination, be prepared to take it down, and construct the basis of a new society. In Africa the underdevelopment of the economy and reign of mostly undemocratic governments - due to internal and external reasons - rests like a heavy burden on the back of rights issues in general. This underlines the fact that women's rights cannot be developed and secured in a sustainable way in isolation from the general development of society and human rights. In other words, the more democratic and economically developed a society, the more the rights of women are likely to be advanced.

But a developed economy and greater rights awareness are only enabling factors, not decisive ones. Two examples will suffice. For instance, since the inception of the Convention for the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1979, successive American administrations have refused to ratify it since the Carter government signed up in 1980. The current government of Afghanistan on the other hand ratified CEDAW on 3 March 2003. Also, many Asian countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Indonesia have produced female leaders with ease - unthinkable in the US or some more developed European countries. These show that while higher levels of economic development and 'democracy' facilitate better educational and job opportunities, higher incomes for individual women and therefore more individual freedom, women collectively will remain discriminated against until the social, economic and political frameworks that sustain such discrimination are dismantled. In this respect, the universal link between the role of conservative political and religious leaders in restricting women's rights is too strong to ignore.

As with most problems, formal and informal education and enlightenment are vital to finding solutions. The strategic goal of such education and enlightenment must be to enable exploited women in particular to see the big picture, to ask the awkward questions and most importantly to provide the answers. Why are women discriminated against and exploited? Who benefits from this and how can it be ended? What structures and mechanisms sustain this discrimination and how can they be nullified? Fear and ignorance are the biggest obstacles in the way of the exploited. Once they have been removed, previously insurmountable problems shrink progressively until they no longer exist.

In order to understand the basis of gender inequality it is vital to appreciate unequivocally that the basis of all institutionalised discrimination and inequality is to facilitate the exploitation of allegedly unequal persons. This is the basis of racism, slavery and all discrimination based on colour, language group, nationality, religion, class - or gender. Just like the myth of racial superiority, the myth of male superiority has been woven to serve one purpose – that of exploitation. Exploitation can manifest itself in many forms: economic exploitation for slavery or cheap labour in the home or in factories; political exploitation which denies the exploited their full rights to political participation; social exploitation which suppresses and ignores the views, opinions and aspirations of the exploited.

Whether in highly industrialised or less industrialised countries, the average woman in a family or relationship faces the same fate. She is expected to wake up, clean the house, get children ready for the day, do the cooking, the shopping, washing, have little or no opinion on the big issues, and sacrifice her career and aspirations. Just to remind her who is the boss she is likely to be subjected to threats, some intimidation and in some cases occasional or regular beating for emphasis.

Although personal aspiration, education, profession, income and social status make a difference to the circumstances of women in relationships, a defining factor is always the level of enlightenment of the male partner or family members. But it is not just individual men that benefit from this shameful state of affairs. Societal discrimination against women leaves them open to unequal pay for equal work, low paid jobs or stereotypical jobs and positions such as secretaries, teachers, nurses and shop assistants. These lead to only one conclusion. Not only is there a clear profit motive for denying women equal rights, there is also a clear social motive i.e. the artificial creation of an underclass based on gender and coerced into playing the role of helpers and assistants.

It is therefore vital to see the big picture. Although most men benefit from the status quo, not all men are misogynists and the major battle must be to change society as a whole. Significantly, the suppression of women's rights could not and cannot be sustained without the invention and implementation of both formal and informal control mechanisms. The mechanisms for social control and discrimination against women have ranged from the blatant to the subtle. For example, the denial of the rights to vote and to seek political office, denial of property and inheritance rights, imposition of spouse approval for bank loans, travelling passports and so forth, to outright denial of citizenship rights i.e. denial of the right to transfer citizenship to children as was the case until recently in Botswana, or to transfer citizenship to spouses as is the case in Nigeria. The tacit support of the law and 'culture' for violence against women inside or outside the home, marital rape, the 'stigmatisation' of rape victims etc are deliberate and cynical mechanisms for sustaining exploitation of women.

Women are also generally groomed for a life of subservience. They are indoctrinated within most families and communities to defer to men (not on the basis of intellect but gender), to have lower aspirations and expectations, and to acquire certain 'female skills' in preparation for being 'given away' in marriage. (Male children on the other hand are groomed for leadership in society.) In some societies, women who do not or are reluctant to adopt the name of the families they marry into are negatively described as 'feminists'. This logic confers 'legitimacy and respect' on married women and subtracts the same from women that are not. But despite these injustices, society has made a little progress from the era when assertive or 'troublesome' women were simply branded 'witches' and burnt at the stake or stoned.

Nevertheless, not enough progress has been made and humanity will still be considered far from attaining civilisation until the progress is swift and measurable against targets. A simple reason for this is that it is not only women that are negatively affected by discrimination against them. A UN population report in the year 2000 concluded that every single minute of everyday a woman dies as a result of pregnancy related complications. That is over half a million preventable deaths a year. Aside from the fact that it would be intolerable to a male dominated society for there to be a preventable cause of death of men on this scale, the loss to society of potential geniuses and innovators is astounding, except of course to those that by some twisted logic genuinely believe that women are inferior beings.

The HIV/AIDS epidemic currently sweeping across Africa is also cutting down millions of women in their prime. Although HIV knows no gender or social barriers, women are biologically more vulnerable and women of lower income and social status are paying a higher price than most. The reasons are economic as well as social. Some may disagree, but the reality is that the removal of social safety nets by naked commercialisation and liberalisation policies imposed by international financial institutions has left many women in Africa in an economically desperate situation.

While unchecked commercialisation has tripled or quadrupled prices of rent, transport and other social necessities, liberalisation has tied many economies to 'international' currencies and priced goods way beyond the income of most people - especially women whom in contemporary society the world over earn lower incomes. This has altered power relations in ways that leave women open to social and economic abuse.

For instance, women in relationships in which they are largely dependent on men are in no position to demand that their unenlightened male partners use condoms even when it is clear that they may have been engaging in unsafe sex with multiple partners. For example, the large number of migrant workers in South Africa mirrors this problem. The Apartheid socio-economic policy of migrant labour camps meant that tens of thousands of men travelled to work for long periods during which not a few engaged the services of sex workers. Many women are themselves forced into this by lack of education, poverty and the primitive drive to 'survive'. Inadequate education on HIV/AIDS ensures high infection levels. The men then travel back to their families where wives dare not refuse unprotected sex and when the infected become pregnant, the children also become victims.

The obstacles preventing gender equality in Africa are enormous but not insurmountable. As the most exploited of all continents through over five hundred years of slavery and colonisation, not to mention decades of several forms of dictatorships supported by internal and external forces, Africa needs all its human resources to develop society to the minimum level necessary for a dignified existence. To achieve this, general and specific issues need to be addressed and a clear agenda defined for the institutionalisation of women's rights in Africa.

GENERAL ISSUES

* Mass education and enlightenment: This means countering deeply established prejudice through the introduction of rights issues in general and women's rights specifically into formal educational systems. Informal channels such as the media and other public education avenues must also be utilised. The average person accepts society as they are born into it until education or confrontations with sharp decisions change their outlook.
* Constitutional and legislative reform: Immediate ratification and localisation of all international and regional conventions and treaties covering women's rights. The immediate review of constitutions to ensure that they fully reflect women's rights, and repeal of all anti women legislation.
* Judicial and law enforcement reform: An overhaul of the judiciary, legal system and law enforcement agencies to ensure that all issues relating to women are specifically covered and reviewed to reflect full and uncompromising respect for their rights. This must also include the retraining of judicial and law enforcement personnel, and the appointment of more qualified women into the judiciary and law enforcement agencies.

SPECIFIC ISSUES

* Violence against women: Every single form of violence against women to be specifically legislated against with emphasis of the obligation of the state to prosecute such cases without placing the burden of pressing charges on women. Special emphasis to be placed on violence in the home and rape. Law enforcement agencies and personnel to be retrained and prosecuted for failure to press charges and enforce the relevant laws.
* Health rights: An increase of health budgets in relation to health issues specific to women such as maternal mortality, mother to child transmission of HIV, cervical and breast cancer etc. Budget increases to be measured against World Health Organisation standards of expenditure per head. A strong emphasis on health awareness and preventive healthcare.
* Reproductive rights: The right to family planning, safe sex and enlightenment on the benefits of child spacing.
* Political rights: Full political participation rights including the rights to vote and be voted for, women quotas for elective and appointed public offices, the creation of women's affairs ministries and so forth.
* Economic and Employment rights: The right to equal pay for equal work, the right to maternity leave, the recognition of women as principal breadwinners and concessions that go with this such as tax breaks etc. Equal access to bank loans and credit and legislation outlawing workplace discrimination.
* Social and cultural rights: All forms of social discrimination and anti women right practices to be identified and outlawed through firm legislation. E.g. discrimination based on marital status or maternity. Discrimination reinforced by religion and 'culture' to be specifically targeted for enlightenment campaigns.
* Inheritance and property rights: Full rights to property especially in relation to inheritance from parents and husbands without the interference of family members to disposes women.

These ten points are not exhaustive, but must be the minimum acceptable standards. For these basic objectives to be achieved the issues must also be taken up outside the framework of rights organisations. Women at all levels must be involved, and be supported by community based organisations such as market women associations, their professional associations, trade unions and student unions. In more democratic countries, pressure must be placed on all political parties, the legislature and judiciary and in less democratic ones directly on the government. Networks must be established at national levels established to harmonise strategies. Timetables, targets and review dates for reform must be set in order for it to be both measurable and effective. March 8 every year should be a good date for such reviews.

* Rotimi Sankore is co-ordinator of CREDO for Freedom of Expression and Associated Rights an NGO focussing on rights issues in Africa. CREDO can be contacted via [email][email protected]

* International Women's Day: See the Women and Gender section of Pambazuka News for more stories.

* Send comments on this editorial to [email protected]

* CREDO and Fahamu are developing an advocacy training programme for African women. Interested organisations and persons should kindly contact CREDO and Fahamu on issues they would like to see covered at [email][email protected] and [email][email protected]

Peninah Wanjira finished among the top five students in her secondary school. She wanted to be an engineer, but her headmaster prevented her from specialising in science. Too difficult, he told her. Boys whom she consistently outperformed took her place. “I will never forgive him. He killed my dream,” Wanjira, a sociology graduate currently working as a clerk in Nairobi, says bitterly. “Look at what I do: signing and stapling forms all day.” Fortunately, Kiriri Women’s University of Science and Technology (KWUST), which opened in September 2002, is challenging generations of gender stereotyping and an entrenched culture that favours males at all levels of education.

This is an overview of the relationship between gender, poverty and water. The first section explores how, in every corner of the globe, women play a central role in managing water supply and distribution. It also examines how access to water and sanitation has implications for women’s health and economic activities. Case studies highlight water projects and initiatives that have succeeded in elevating women’s status.

Despite efforts to review international ICT regulations, African women's perspectives have not always been taken into consideration. The potential for ICTs to contribute to human development in Africa is negatively impacted by the uneven spread of ICTs and the differential effects that their diffusion produces in economic and social structures.

On behalf of the Feminist Activist Coalition (FemAct), the Tanzania Gender Networking Programme (TGNP) is pleased to announce the 2003 Gender Festival (GF), formerly popularly known as the Annual Gender Studies Conference (AGSC). The four-day event will take place between September 3-6 2003. This event, which now takes place once every two years, is an open space for bringing together gender and civil society members of organisations, institutions and all development actors at various levels.

Gender evaluation methodology is a guide to integrate a gender analysis into evaluations of initiatives which use Information and Communication Technologies for social change. Gender evaluation methodology provides a means for determining whether ICTs are really improving women's lives and gender relations as well as promoting positive change at the individual, institutional, community and broader social levels.

One of the Southern African Regional Poverty Network's (SARPN) objectives is to promote discussion that will contribute to policy and action to reduce poverty and ameliorate its effects in the SADC region. HIV/Aids is having a major negative impact on the lives of poor people. SARPN invited Stephen Lewis, following the conclusion of his visit to Southern Africa with James Morris, to exchange views with a range of researchers, government officials, consultants, activists and donor representatives active in the fight against HIV/Aids in Southern Africa. Read the full report at the link provided.

Women must play a central role in development, says UNAIDS Executive Director Peter Piot. "When they do so, the benefits are apparent immediately: families are healthier and better fed; savings and incomes rise; a supportive environment is created. Take away women's ability to fulfil these roles and entire societies fall apart."

Eritreans do not discuss FGM openly because it is taboo to talk about sex in general. However, people's fear of a clampdown is leading to more secrecy than a decade ago when the government launched a campaign against the ancient practice.

In Zimbabwe 56% of the population is female and traditionally it is the mother who must provide sustenance despite meager budgets. We believe that it is the women who are at the end of the suffering chain and it is they who suffer in silence.

Up to 150 women out of 100 000 die annually whilst still pregnant, during labour or shortly after giving birth in South Africa. That is the finding of a report published recently by the national Department of Health and that follows three years of monitoring and collecting data on the patterns of maternal deaths.

More than 100 African leaders from 15 countries who attended the continent's first regional conference on unsafe abortion concluded deliberations in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, March 7 with a strong call for action to address this global public-health problem. Unsafe abortion results in the deaths of about 30,000 African women every year, according to the World Health Organisation.

Combating poverty, the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the pandemic of violence against women were clear human rights priorities, Sergio Vieira de Mello, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, told the Commission on the Status of Women.

AIDS-related complications have become the leading cause of death among pregnant women in South Africa, according to a report released on Friday by Health Minister Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, South Africa's Sunday Times reports.

The average African women gives birth to six children during her life, but she would gladly use contraceptives to lower that number. As one in 15 African women dies due to birth complications, women are also much more aware of the risks of giving birth than are men. More than one quarter of worldwide pregnancies between 1995 and 2000 were unwanted or not planned, according to the UN population fund UNFPA. This situation is particularly true for African woman, where child-demanding families and husbands in addition to lacking family planning resources leave the average housewife few possibilities of dissent.