Malawi has an app for that: Charting the nation’s IT future

The dominant discourse in the study of development is about how much aid developed countries give to developing countries, and very little discussion of how much wealth goes the other way, from developing countries to developed countries. To their credit, African scholars and activists, a handful of politicians and a few global justice activists make this point, albeit infrequently, with the consequence that considerable sections of African societies, including Malawi, have come to view their entire world from the perspective of a people forever destined to be objects of Western pity. What is perhaps not emphasised enough are the nitty-gritty details of how much wealth the global South transfers to the developed global North. A recent conference, Barcamp Malawi 2010, gave this issue a Malawian face, when Malawian information technology (IT) experts and their counterparts from the US, Europe and elsewhere met over the weekend of 17–18 July at the Sunbird Capital Hotel in Lilongwe.

In this article I discuss this revelation about how much wealth Malawi as a country transfers to developed countries in the form of software licence fees. However, much of the article is taken up by descriptions of the issues that came up at the ‘unconference’, where participants suggested topics to present on, share and discuss with others as a way of offering IT solutions to problems that ordinary Malawians grapple with. The term ‘unconference’ suggests a format in which the topics for presentation and discussion come from the participants, rather than the organisers.

I left the conference on the night of Sunday 18 July feeling much better-educated about the role that the IT community plays in Malawi, the paralysing indifference they encounter from government bureaucracy, and their vision for the future of IT and its applications to Malawian contexts. I develop these points in the larger framing of this article, stressing the crucial role that Malawian IT visionaries play despite the odds they face. I also make suggestions as to how the locally grown solutions that the Malawian IT community envisions need to be taken up, especially by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MOEST). There are two reasons for zeroing in on MOEST. First, they are entrusted with the responsibility of developing educational, scientific and technological systems in the country, as their full portfolio intimates. Second, Malawi would be taking to a higher level its aspirations for a home-grown development paradigm if Malawian schools were to embrace the innovative, can-do spirit that many Malawian IT experts have espoused.

STARVING AMIDST PLENTY: FREE OPEN SOFTWARE AND LICENCE FEES

During one of the breakout sessions on the last day of the meeting, one participant explained how as a nation Malawi pays billions of kwacha in annual software licence fees. In one example mentioned, a key government agency (name withheld) is said to spend GB£43 million a year in software licence fees. That amount translates into approximately MK10 billion every year. Worse still, there are several other Malawian government and corporate entities that are spending hard-earned taxpayer money and scarce foreign exchange paying for these software licence fees. To illustrate this, much of the costs for running the telecentres the government is constructing across the country are going toward software licences for proprietary software. The most recent telecentre has been opened in Mwanza, costing MK77 million, according to a 4 July article posted on The Nation newspaper’s website. The telecommunications industry itself sends out billions of kwacha every year paying these kinds of fees to developed countries.

A number of IT specialists reported how they had on separate occasions contacted relevant authorities in government and demonstrated to them free open source software that didn’t require any licence fees. In each case, the government representative approached expressed scepticism and a reluctance to even consider the idea. Yet, only two years ago Malawi hosted an international conference on open source software development. Organised by the ICT Association of Malawi (ICTAM), the sixth International Wide Open Access ICT conference was held in Lilongwe on 12–14 November 2008. The conference, bringing to Malawi IT experts from around the world, was supposed to be officially opened by the erstwhile cabinet minister responsible for ICT development in Malawi. The delegates sat and waited for the minister, until one of the organisers picked up the phone and called to find out where the minister was. The minister was nowhere near the conference site. In an even more striking piece of evidence of government’s apathy for things IT, a few years ago a speaker of the Malawi parliament (name withheld) once threw out a member of parliament for using a laptop in the house.

MALAWIANISING COMPUTERS AND INTERNET CONTENT

Soyapi Mumba, one of the organisers and a leading Malawian software engineer, was of the opinion that there was a lot of Malawian content around, it just wasn’t easy to access. He gave the example of the numerous radio stations that broadcast in Malawi, whose content does not appear on the internet. He said the challenge for Malawian IT experts was to make that content accessible, on the internet. Even if Mumba’s observation is correct, it is still the case that the majority of the content that dominates Malawian airwaves from the more than 20 radio stations and a handful TV channels in the country is never archived on the internet. Only a handful of Malawian newspapers and magazines put their content on the internet, a situation that does render credence to the observation that Malawi is much underrepresented on the World Wide Web.

Edmond Kachale, a software developer at Baobab Health, made a presentation on natural language technologies, in which he demonstrated a Chichewa spellchecking plugin for Firefox. Kachale has given the plugin a technical name, ‘ChicPOS’, which stands for ‘Chichewa Part of Speech Tagger’. The plugin does what one sees when one misspells an English word on their computer, redlining the word to alert the user of the spelling mistake. Kachale’s plugin gives the computer a function that recognises Chichewa words and their parts of speech. Kachale has also created a Chichewa spellchecking plugin for openoffice.org, a free open source program that works much like Microsoft word processing and graphics applications. Kachale is part of the team that created the Chichewa Google page, available at www.google.mw. He said the page serves not only Chichewa-speaking people from Malawi, but also Chinyanja speakers in Zambia, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. He provided an email address, [email protected] which people can write to for more information on the project.

More examples of localisation of content came from a topic on game design. Steven Chanza demonstrated a Malawian computer game he had developed, which he said was called ‘Thela’ or ‘Odi’. In his demonstration he played against an imaginary opponent whom he named ‘Malume’. Chanza’s game has varying levels of difficulty, and tabulates summaries of scores and other data at the end of a session. In light of Chanza’s and Kachale’s work on Malawian computer content, the issue of content localisation is an interesting one given the contradictions that characterise language policy and practice. Malawian education policy, drawn from cognitive research and expert opinion, requires Malawian children to be taught in a language they speak at home. Yet the majority of private schools, where most Malawian elites – and non-elites who can afford it – send their children, do not allow any Malawian languages, with very few exceptions. A recent UNESCO report points out how Africa is the only continent on the planet where the majority of children start school in a foreign language. The consequences of these policy and practice contradictions manifest themselves in the low literacy rates, political disempowerment and reduced rates of democratic participation seen across Africa (‘Why and how Africa should invest in African languages and multilingual education’, UNESCO, 2010).

MALAWIAN GENIUS ON DISPLAY

A discussion which came up at various points in the course of the two days was on how to provide ICT solutions to rural parts of Malawi. That discussion revealed some quite exciting developments that are already occurring on that front. Alex Gondwe, deputy country director for Baobab Health, described how the organisation has been adapting computers and converting them into low-energy consuming gadgets, from 240 volts to 12 volts. These computers are being used in clinics and health centres in rural areas, where they are powered by solar and wind energy. Max Phiri’s company, ITS Enterprises, recently donated a 15-terminal computer lab to a primary school in Mchinji. The computers all use 12 volts only, making it possible for schools not connected to the ESCOM grid to still be able to use computers.

The innovation to adapt computers and make them usable in such low-energy conditions is where the concept of localisation squarely meets the desire to make technology locally relevant. These are computers that are transforming the medical informatics landscape in Malawi, and as has been shown by ITS Enterprises, the same IT innovations are also applicable in Malawi’s education context. For me this was the most exciting part of Barcamp Malawi, in which Malawian genius was at full display. William Kamkwamba had been expected to attend and give a talk, but he had other commitments that prevented him. I later learned on MBC TV the following Monday that Kamkwamba had just been honoured by the Malawi Institute of Engineers for his pioneering work in locally sourced windmill energy technology.

Kamkwamba will soon be attending the Ivy League school Dartmouth College in the United States. Kamkwamba’s memoir of how he created a windmill from junk materials in his village, co-authored with Bryan Mealer, became a bestseller in the United States of America. In the book Kamkwamba and Mealer narrate the story of how William dropped out of form one at Kachokolo Day Secondary School in Kasungu in January of 2002. This was at the height of the 2002 famine, and his parents had failed to raise MK1,200 (US$80) for his school fees. Kamkwamba, aged 14 at the time, started visiting a library at a nearby teacher development centre (TDC), where he started reading a book on how to make electricity at home. It is a beautifully written, fascinating story that raises the question of the limits of the school curriculum, and the power of a determined mind. It rises to the level of a complete introduction to physics and homemade electricity. Entitled ‘The Boy who Harnessed the Wind’, the book – despite its ambivalences, which all books have – should be made required reading in Malawi’s teacher training colleges, secondary schools, technical and vocational colleges and universities.

Toward the end of the two-day event more Malawian genius was on display when five teams competed in using Google App Engine to create software applications, or apps as they have become widely known. The criteria asked for apps that were creatively designed and whose solutions targeted an important problem in Malawi. The prize was the latest Google phone, HTC Legend. That prize went to two young Malawians, Steven Chanza, aged 24, and Kondwani Hara, aged 27. Chanza and Hara created an application that they named ‘shareajob’. The utility for the application, they explained, is that most job postings are available only to those who can afford to buy a newspaper, or to read one in a library or view a copy bought by somebody else. Their application is meant to bring job announcements to anybody who has an Internet-enabled mobile phone.

Each one of the apps demonstrated for the contest was quite unique and exciting. Some were even funny and light-hearted. Boster Sibande, co-lead organiser of the barcamp and a top software engineer in his own right, won second prize for an app that would make it possible for Big Brother housemates to cast anonymous votes on a computer to eject other housemates. Another app developed by Sibande offers a solution to the problem of reformatting phone numbers in a mobile handset. Sibande explained that recently Malawi switched from a system of 8-digit mobile phone numbers to 11, adding 0999 or 0888 and their variations. He said for people who had hundreds of contacts in the phones, it would be a tedious process to go through each contact and reformat it to the new system. His application, known as PIM API, solves that problem by simultaneously changing all the phone numbers automatically.

Third prize went to Austin Madinga and Lengani Kaunda, who developed an app they named ‘Pano’, Chichewa for ‘here’. Madinga’s and Kaunda’s idea is for the application to serve the social networking purpose of announcing one’s location, and also identifying particular places such as banks, petrol stations, restaurants and hospitals within in a 20-kilometre radius.

CHARTING THE FUTURE OF IT IN MALAWI THROUGH EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

As Barcamp Malawi 2010 drew to a close, participants paid particular attention to what they need to do as IT experts, promoting collaboration among themselves and making their voice heard. They also talked of the need to involve other stakeholders and consult widely in their discussions. In the course of the day, several examples came up that highlighted issues of schooling and where IT solutions fit in. Many participants seemed eager to apply their expertise to educational issues in Malawi.

Two aspects of the localised solutions being experimented with seemed pertinent to the one problem recent policy-making the Malawi Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MOEST) appears to be giving a lot of attention to lately. Educational thought leaders here in Malawi appear unanimous in their agreement that Malawi is not going to improve the quality of education with the current class sizes that the average Malawian teacher has to contend with. Thousands of classrooms are extremely overcrowded, and learning conditions are quite challenging. One researcher told an educational symposium recently that he could not think of another country in the world that had the class sizes and teacher pupil ratios that Malawi does. Educational researchers and policy-makers point out what a miracle it is that Malawian children persist and survive the early years of schooling at all.

Given the numbers of teachers needed to make a real difference in the problem of quality education and equitable access in Malawi, technological solutions will be indispensable. An important first step might be the consideration of establishing a MOEST directorate solely devoted to educational technology in Malawian schools and teacher-training colleges. We don’t seem to have one at the moment for that specific purpose.

The Malawi government needs to be assisted in appreciating the significance of adopting free open source software. The huge amounts of money the country spends on unnecessary software licence fees could promote IT investment within Malawi, rather than enriching already rich countries. There is a lot of awareness work to be done. As Madalo Khoza poignantly explained, Malawian IT experts need to talk about ICT not as a technical matter, but rather as ‘enabling tools.’

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