Corporate media, humanitarian agencies and NGOs evoke the imagery of helpless, passive victims when describing refugees to appeal to Western societies for compassion while demonstrating self-affirmation to guard the status quo, rather than depicting them as people with abilities, agency and knowledge facing extraordinary circumstances that need to be addressed.

Internal colonies – that is, spaces governed by ‘the rule of difference’ – persist today but the politicisation of the term ‘colonialism’ has impeded a sober discussion of the subject in many cases.

Burundi and Rwanda have close historical ties, including a history of political violence. This author analyses the violent interactions between the two countries with reference to pan-ethnic 'imagined communities' and memories of violence as catalysts

Colonial era depiction of the Tutsi as a superior Hamitic race that invaded Rwanda laid the ground for severe ethnic polarisation. This myth resurfaced in the period leading to and during the genocide of 1994