The Dynamics of Sex Work

The Dynamics of Sex Work

GAD Talk Bulletin Volume3 May 2002

A Click or ctrl click on one of the headings below takes you straight to the desired subject

WHAT IS SEX WORK?
WHY DO WOMEN BECOME SEX WORKERS?
· Historical forces
· Urbanization
· Economical aspects of SW
· How does society treat sex work
· Clients
· SW And HIV aids
· Sex work and the Law

SOME FURTHER THOUGHTS
I WANT OUT BUT CANT MAKE IT
RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE GAD TALK
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES USED
BOOKS ON SW ACCESSIBLE FROM THE ZWRCN DOCUMENTATION CENTRE
ELECTRONIC SITE FOR FURTHER READING
SERVICES OFFERED BY ZWRCN
BROCHURE ON INTERNET CAFE

WHAT IS SEX WORK?

Sex work (SW) has become the acceptable term for what is more commonly known as prostitution. Prostitution is usually understood to be an act that involves the sale of sex by women and girls in exchange for some sort of cash or value based-good. Male prostitution is used to explain the very same act when men and boys perform it.

Sex work is therefore a more encompassing term that includes both men and women as traders and buyers of sex. It places the process of selling and purchasing sex within an economic frame. It also takes away the widely held assumption that the sex trade only happened in heterosexual or male/female relationships and makes room for an understanding of homosexual - that is male/male or female/female sexual exchanges based on the receipt of money, material goods or other benefits.

Until recently very little work had been done on male prostitution in Africa. Most of the work had been concentrated in places like Hanoi and Asia where research showed a high prevalence of SW between men. HIV/AIDS has changed some of that. Men and how they sell sex is being factored into some of the work aimed at coming up with effective ways to deal with sex and sexuality in this time of HIV/AIDS.

Women who engage in SW are largely seen as criminals. They are considered social outcasts and labeled as being the bringers of ‘evil’ into otherwise clean communities.

In chiShona, one of the most widely spoken national languages of Zimbabwe “hure” more often than not refers to a whore – a woman who sells sex or who is of questionable sexual morals. The same inference is evident in how the siNdebele term “sfebe” is used.

This perception of commercial sex as being something that unclean women do with men who are often invisible from the equation contributes towards the negative and lowly treatment of sex workers in our societies and a lack of commitment to addressing the root causes of Sex work – one of which is poverty, another is women’s economically low or weak status.

There is no doubt that the overwhelming majority of people who sell sex are normally involved in this trade because of poverty. For them, SW is a means of earning a living or supplementing an inadequate income. It is normal to see sex workers moving in and out of the sex work as their financial situation changes.

The majority of women in sex work say they would prefer to have an alternative means of earning their living but do not have the skills or opportunities in the job market.

WHY DO WOMEN BECOME SEX WORKERS?

Historical forces
Both the old and the new testaments of the bible have references to Sex work. Despite this, religious leaders have tended to shy away from the debate around SW and the very positive part the churches and other religious institutions and groups can play in finding solutions to the problem we face.

There are historical records that show that even before colonization Sex work was part and parcel of our societies. It may have been less obvious than it is today, but it did exist.

Colonialism brought with it cash economy and a capitalist system of trading. The desire to extract natural resources and wealth from Zimbabwe and generate income saw the development and growth of higher migrant laborers. These men were forced to live in hostels and were forbidden to bring their families to live with them. About 60% of them were aged 30 and under. Many of them had either become single by being separated from their families or were still single. The colonial ruler feared that the men would rape the white women so they encouraged and fostered systematic Sex work.

Urbanization
During the liberation struggle parents and relatives encouraged their children to move into urban areas and escape from the effects of war. Along with the external forces that led to urban migration there were a number of social responses and cultural forces that brought women to cities in search of new opportunities. With low wages and poor housing conditions the men working in the

towns were unable to support their families in the rural areas such that women’s lives were affected. Once they arrived into towns’ women were often more dependant on men because of the towns cash economy.

Economic forces
Factors like poverty and unemployment are by far the most important reasons for why Sex work exists in our country. No time shows that more the current economic crisis we are in. With inflation well above the 113% mark and unemployment at an estimated 70% - both of these are forces that impact very negatively on women’s abilities and opportunities to economically empower themselves, Sex work can become a major trade.

Structural adjustment policies have also played their part. ESAP resulted in retrenchments which meant less incomes for families, increase in prices, high inflation rates, social problems and hence a higher divorce rate.
· Young women leaving school can't find jobs and they haven't been trained for self-employment. Their parents can no longer support them.
· Some young women are seduced by sugar daddies, and then abandoned.
· Most widows in Zimbabwe are left destitute after the death of a spouse. Divorced women, especially the majority who did not go through a legal divorce, are often left destitute after a marriage breakdown.
· Many women, regardless of their marital status, think that they are solely responsible for the support of their children.
· Some wives are not adequately maintained (or sexually satisfied) particularly in some polygamous marriages or where the husband is an irresponsible migrant worker who has forgotten his wife at home.

A study conducted by Sian Hale on Prostitution in Zimbabwe (1992-93) reveals that most of the respondents were at one point married and then divorced which led them into prostitution. Some sited peer pressure as a reason for going into Sex work.

Men coerce women into prostitution by using a variety of deceptive promises ranging from promises of jobs, marriage. Barry, 1981, highlights the “invisible enslavement” of love and loyalty (for a pimp) to physical kidnapping and imprisonment. He stresses that female sexual slavery is present in all situations where women and girls can not change the immediate conditions of their existence: where regardless of how they got into those conditions and they can not get out and where they are subject to sexual violence and exploitation.

Some women practice prostitution as a profession to support a ‘love object’- a man, a woman, parents, and siblings. Enjoyment is not a determining factor of Sex work and sexual encounters. The greater need of providing a source of income for the family forces them to continue with the trade. One woman is on record as saying of her Sex work, ‘how can anyone enjoy sleeping with different partners in one day?’

Men usually feel empty and ashamed after sex with a SW and they usually take this out by beating their partners. As a result of violence against SW, some women in Gweru formed a Prostitutes’ Association whose goal is to protect their members from violence; prevent quarrels among themselves; persuade young schoolgirls from becoming SW and co-ordinate with a senior official who organize parties for the members with good clients. (Please see the story stored on-line at www.ips.org/womenleaders/wom0205c.htm)

Men prefer not to be tied down in wedlock, something that is functional to society and therefore highly regarded, but want to have their cake and eat it too, so that prostitution remains, for them, a vital, invisible yet available institution.

Women still participate very little in making the major decisions about their lives. (For example, although forced marriage is unlawful, many young women are still forced into marriages they don't want).

Many women are still unaware of their legal rights. For example, they are not aware that they can claim maintenance. The property rights of widows and women in unregistered marriages that have broken down, are still very weak, so many widows and divorced women are left destitute.

How does society treat sex work and workers?

· Society judges sex workers who happen to be women more harshly than their male clients. Even the law discriminates in against women – leaving men often free to walk away unrepentant. One Sex worker lamented in frustration, ‘If only I could reveal all the names of my clients who are very important, respected men in the community. I wish I was not so financially dependent on them’; those involved are treated with disrespect and distrust.
· Sex workers are treated with disrespect and distrust.
· Sex workers are accused of destroying family life and destroying communities. SW is now very complex as the numbers of female and male heterosexual and homosexual sex workers have increased due to the harsh economic situation as discussed above.
· Children born of women and men involved in Sex work suffer a lot physiologically, and financially. Most of their parents cannot make enough money to send the children to school.
· Low educational level of many women and their lack of training in employment-related skills.
· Many relationships between husbands and wives and between parents and children are destructive rather than enabling, so a lot of families are breaking up.
· Negative traditions like ngozi, or the greed of some parents for lobola, result in some young women trying to escape from these unhappy marriages and they find that prostitution is the only alternative.

· Young people are no longer well prepared for adult life by older relatives as they were in the past.
· Distorted images of women in the media reduce women to sex objects that are easily available for purchase to implied male buyers.

Clients
Clients range from professionals, miners, and farm workers to long distance truck drivers, who are normally separated from their wives and families for extended periods of time.

SW & HIV /AIDS

· The spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which increase their susceptibility to HIV/AIDS, as their power to negotiate for safer and protected sex may be weak. In many communities in Zimbabwe, SW has been blamed for the spread of AIDS.
· Violence and abuse by men who are drunk, unwilling to use condoms or unwilling to pay for services.

As a result of the above the numbers of HIV positive sex workers is considerably higher than the general population. In Zimbabwe while the HIV infection is estimated at 25% it is as high as 86% among sex workers.

Their vulnerability is compounded by the fact that the sex workers are difficult to reach with prevention, care and support interventions and generally they do not receive public sympathy and are often harassed by the police. The marginalisation of the sex workers by society has also led to the health workers being judgmental and unreceptive to those women.

LAW ON SEX WORKERS

In Zimbabwe Sex work is illegal, as in many countries. As stipulated in the Miscellaneous Offences Act Chapter 9:15 and the Sexual Offences Act Chapter 9:21 Both Acts refer to sex workers as prostitutes and ignore the-socio economic issues around SW. In the past some people have advocated that Sex work be legalized with the practice subjected to controls to ensure that sex workers do not pass on sexually transmitted diseases and that young persons are not recruited as sex workers.

It is illegal for a Sex worker to solicit for the purpose of prostitution in a public place. This offence is also contained in the Miscellaneous Offences Act (Chapter 9:15) (1). This makes it an offence for any person to loiter or be in a public place for the purpose of prostitution or solicitation.

The policy in the Sexual Offences Act tries to suppress prostitution without actually making the act of having sexual intercourse with the Sex worker illegal.

The Sexual Offences Act makes it an offence to live on the earnings from a brothel e.g. leasing ones house to someone who will use it as a brothel. The maximum sentence for such an offence is a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars or imprisonment for a period not exceeding two years or both fine and imprisonment

It is a criminal offence to traffic women and young persons for the purposes of sexual activities so is the detaining of a person to detain another in a brothel or other place against his or her will. The two offences both attract a fine of fifty thousand dollars or maximum of ten years imprisonment or both fine and imprisonment.

SOME FURTHER THOUGHTS

ZWRCN sees a very clear link between all the dynamics of Sex work be they economic, social, political, cultural and women’s powerless and lowly status in our societies. Sex work clearly shows just how marginalized – even citizen less women are. When women’s voices and concerns are marginalized from the mainstream of development, when they cannot claim rights provided them to safe life and livelihoods, then matters that directly affect them, and push them to a life of sex working because they are women living in a patriarchal system that allows the purchase of sex from women but won’t seek solutions to the gender inequalities that are the root causes of sexing, it makes women very vulnerable to abuse.

I WANT OUT BUT CANT MAKE IT

This story is built around the testimonies of sex workers who spoke to the Zimbabwe Women’s Resource Centre and Network in May 2002. It tries to present their perspectives on the work they do and the circumstances that have led to their various situations. We promised to protect their identities so while the names have been changed, everything else is as we heard it. The women shared their experiences a wider group of people interested in understanding more about Sex work at our monthly Gender and Development (GAD) Talk on May 30, 2002.

“I was married and had problems with my mother-in-law”, begins Rose, pinpointing the moment her life began to change.

“After several painful encounters I decided to leave my home and start this business. My first customer was this white schoolboy who used to give me his pocket money. We would have sex in his parent’s bedroom. One day the mother caught us and calmly told me to leave the room. I could hardly button my blouse from shaking. That was the beginning of my career”.

Now 49, Rose started selling sex as early as 1978. At that time most of the attention around her home country Zimbabwe was focussed around the liberation struggle. The war was meant to bring freedom and prosperity to all, but Rose has found, like many other women in situations similar to hers, that some promises never become reality.

Sex work is widespread in the southern African country, as it is in other parts of the continent and the world. Poverty has been given as one of the major reasons why it exists and why women are the victims of it.

Across the length and breadth of the African continent women form the vast majority of the poor and the unemployed. It is therefore not surprising that they are the ones who are most visible in the sale of sex, to largely male customers.

Women who work in commercial sex often share harrowing stories of abuse and violence, something that because of their seemingly ‘unclean’ position in our societies is not taken seriously by the law.

“My friend was killed by a client and cut-up. Pieces of her body were found in a plastic bag. This is a dangerous job. You never know what will happen next,” explains Rose.

Law fails to protect us
While the law is very clear about bringing criminals before the justice system, sex workers often say that because of their profession they are not able to access the law. Their ‘criminalized’ life styles, they say, mean that when they try to access the law for redress in cases where they have been raped or beaten, they are usually ill treated because of who they are and what they do.

“The police know about our friend’s death but they are not taking it very seriously”, she says.

Rose is responsible for caring for her sickly younger sister. They share a one-roomed apartment, which is also where Rose works. A sewing machine and bundles of cloth point to the other activity Rose does to bring cash into the family. Her clothes making business works as a kind of insurance for when Sex work is not making the kind of income she needs to meet all her responsibilities. But these days the market for clothes is slow. People do not have the cash to spend on luxuries like clothing. “I get very little money from sewing. My real living comes out of sex work. That is my business”.

At the time we spoke to Rose, her mother was also visiting. She had come to help with caring for her other daughter, but also looks to Rose for financial support.

“All these people look up to me for support. My mother used to think that the money comes from my sewing activities, but today she is hearing the truth.”

Before us Rose tells her mother the truth, “Mummy, I sell my body for a living”. The mother does not respond verbally. She just shakes her head sorrowfully.

Rose refers to her room as her “office”. She says she gets an average of five customers a day.

“My customers are all white. That old man you see in the photograph pays for the rentals of this flat,” explains Rose pointing to a picture by the bedside. “I met him in 1983 and he found this flat for me in 1991. He is married and his children are all grown-up. You might call me his second wife. He comes to see me for less than an hour once a week. All the other men who come here know about my steady man and they respect that. He pays the rent on this place”.

“Now that I am looking after my sick sister and my mother is here, business has slowed down out of respect for my mother. Sometimes, some of my customers take me out to the Botanical Gardens or the University grounds for sex. I need the money so I go out with them since we cannot use the house”.

Condoms are effective when used
For many years sex workers have been seen as the people who are responsible for spreading HIV – the virus that leads to AIDS. But they are themselves at great risk of being infected because of the nature of their work.

“We use condoms. But some HIV positive men can bring condoms with holes in them. I always make the man use my own condoms or else I wear a female condom. You can’t trust anybody these days”.

The very high cost of the female condom though means that when money is tight, Rose has to rely on the male condom. This makes it very difficult for her to handle those customers who refuse to wear a male condom. The choice is hard safe sex or money.

How much income does one make?
It is unclear just how much sex workers make from their work. There is very little local documented evidence that offers sound economic analysis. There is also no basis for how much sex workers charge. The rates for their work are not standardised.

“I don’t charge before hand because you may ask for $1000.00 when he was prepared to give you $10,000.00. I tell my customers to pay me according to the satisfaction I give them and they always give good money. All my customers are from way back; I have been seeing many of them since the early eighties. I do not go out in the streets to look for new customers”, says Rose.

The telephone rings mid-way through the interview. Rose tells her caller how much she loves and misses. While she is talking to him, there’s a knock on the door and an elderly white man walks in. He’s a bit taken aback by the presence of another person.

He is an unusual kind of customer. A priest. He says he does not worry about HIV/AIDS because he does not have penetrative sex with Rose. He asks that she just take of her clothes and dance for him. He says that after he has visited Rose he goes straight to confession and asks for forgiveness.

“What do you say to this? Asks Rose. “ Love or an obsession? I really would like to stop. This business is dirty and degrading. He is actually a priest in one of the churches. He says after visits like these he always goes for confession to cleanse his soul.”

The question we ask ourselves is what about Rose? Where does she go? How does she cleanse herself? How does she understand her life?

Society castigates her, religion condemns her, the law is against her but make a living she must.

“I would like to get out of this business, but I can’t. I am getting old. Sometimes I say to myself; what will happen once Mr Rent-payer dies? Where will I go? I will lose all my customers, as they prefer to come to nice respectable places like this flat. I will not be able to pay the $5.500 Zim rent required. I will have to join my friend Chipo at Snake Park, but who will come to Snake Park when the sea is full of younger fishes?”

Where do old sex workers go?
Chipo has become one of Rose’s closest friends. She is in her early fifties and is trying to move away from Sex work.

“I was given away to an old man while I was twelve years old. I never went to school. I had two sons with this man who used to physically and emotionally abuse me. I ran away after seven years of marriage to Harare. I earned my living as a Sex worker,” she explains.

“Because I am beautiful, I used to dress up and put on a wig and pretended to be coloured so I can catch white clients. Most used to be violent or would require you to inflict violence on them like burning their naked buttocks with a lighted cigar,” she says.

She says that some of her clients have strange sexual habits and desires. “I soon got used to them. I married one of my clients but he passed away recently after twenty years of marriage. He did not leave me any money; instead I had to sell a lot of our property to pay for the funeral costs.”

Sex workers are like casual labourers. They have no social benefits – medical aid, pension schemes, insurance are not something they are able to make use of so when they grow old, they have no way of looking after themselves.

“I cannot go back into Sex work because of my age. Even if I try to flash by the roadside, as soon as the clients see my face, they drive away. I managed to get a stand in Snake Park and erected a temporary structure with a plastic roof to stay in. I have now turned to God, I find relief when I pray.”

What advice does Chipo have to sex workers?
“Most of us do not have a choice. In my own estimation, about 92% would rather not be in this business. They will never make enough money to be able to save for the future. Most live from body-to-mouth so to speak. If possible they should look for alternative ways to survive so they do not end up like me, a used and thrown-out rag”.

C – 2002 Copyright for this article is held by the ZWRCN.
To reproduce any part of it please contact: Margaret Zunguze, Programme Director - Information Services [email protected], tel 737435

Questions and Suggestions from Gad Talk

1. What are the practical things we can do as organizations or individuals as alternatives to this?
2. What do the SW’s want us to do for them? Response provided by one of the ladies who is a practicing SW was that, they need money and she has a sewing machine that she can use but would need assistance in getting a market.
3. Another participant had this to share “this is a symptom of a problem in Zimbabwe. There is need to look at the band of the people who engage in it and those who are not in it and then do a comparative analysis of the problem in other countries in order to chart the way forward.”

What can we do?
· There is need to encourage our children to get through their education and get meaningful employment

· Make the female and male condom readily accessible to SW’s and provide intensive awareness on use of condoms and the dangers of HIV/AIDs.
· Legal women’s organizations should mobilize around the issues of decriminalisation. There is need to have a help line for the SW’s in case they are arrested, women lawyers to stand up for these women.
· The issues of sex workers should be addressed by society at large, in order to make a change and chart the way forward.
· The National Aids Council through NAFT could include a vote on HIV/AIDS education for SW’s
· It was acknowledged that the strategies might not be immediate but long term.

ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS

The Zimbabwe Women’s Resource Centre and Network is grateful to all it’s development partners for the support they provide to our activities’
· EZE
· HIVOS
· ZADF/PACT
· KELLOGG FOUNDATION

We would also like to thank the following:

· Dr Sunanda Ray who kindly facilitated the Gad Talk discussions. Dr Sunanda Ray and Caroline Maposhere were involved in a research regarding condom use among sex workers.
· Virginia Phiri author of the book, Desperate that gave us the idea of holding this discussion.
· The two ladies that agreed to share their experiences with the group of over sixty representatives of the civil society.

REFERENCES USED IN COMPILING THIS DOCUMENT

· Barry (Sex Money and Morality prostitution and tourism in SE Asia Thanh-dam Truong 1990
· The Forbidden Fruits Prostitution in Zimbabwe A socio-economic Perspective by Sian Hale
· Building whole communities: Women with special Needs. Volume 6. Ministry of Community and Cooperative Development in collaboration with the Ministry of Political Affairs with assistance of SIDA and about 2 000 women and men from different ministries, nongovernmental organizations and villages throughout Zimbabwe. 1992
· SAFAIDS Fact Sheet: Sex work and HIV/AIDS, 1996
· The Sexual Offences Act of 2001
· The Miscellaneous Offences Act
· Determined to Act – A History of the Women’s Action Group
· Various Newspaper cutting and magazine articles
· Various unpublished papers on commercial sex.
· Virginia Phiri – Desperate ZWW 2002
· Kempadoo, Kamala (Ed); Doezema, Jo (Ed)

BOOKS ON SW ACCESSIBLE FROM THE ZWRCN DOCUMENTATION CENTRE

Global sex workers: rights, resistance and redefinition
New York: Routledge, 1998. 294 p ISBN 0-415-91829-4.

Ministry of Community Development and Women's Affairs. The socio-economic factors affecting prostitution in Zimbabwe
Harare: The Ministry, 1988. 16 p. Answers to questions raised by Mambo Press on prostitution and the Police discussion on eradication of prostitution.

In: International prostitution file
Paris: Federation Abolitionniste Internationale, 1988.
Keywords: prostitution.

Nangati, Fanuel
Short report on statistics and information on prostitution
Harare: Interministerial Committee on the problem of prostitution in Harare, 1982.

Hale, Sian
"The forbidden fruits": prostitution in Zimbabwe: a socio-economic perspective
Harare: The Author, 1992. 29 p.

Gillies, Pamela A.; Parker, Richard G.
Cross cultural perspectives on sexual behavior and prostitution
In: Health Transition Review1994. 12 p.

Truong, Thanh-Dam
Sex, money and morality: prostitution and tourism in Southeast Asia
London: Zed Books, 1990. 227 p. ISBN 0-86232-936-1.

Jagwanth, Saras; Schwikkard, Pamela-Jane and Grant, Brenda
Women and the law
Pretoria: HSRC Publishers, 1994. 474 p. ISBN 0-7969-1593-8.

Jacobs, Susie; Howard, Tracey
Women in Zimbabwe: stated policy and state action
In: Women, state ideology: studies from Africa and Asia by Haleh Afshar
London: Macmillan Press, 1987. p. 28 - 47. ISBN 0-333-41390-3.

Kenya. African Women's Development and Communication Network. Girls speak out: a collection of essays and poems by young African girls as their contribution towards the Fourth UN World conference on women and the NGO forum, Beijing, 1995
Nairobi: FEMNET, 1995. 40 p.

ELECTRONIC SITES FOR FURTHER READING
1. Condom Use Among Female Sex workers in Nevada's Legal Brothels - scientific study.
http://www.durex.com/scientific/studies/nevada/
More sites about: Sex Work > Prostitution
2. Commercial Sex Information Service - clearinghouse of information about laws, sexual health, commerce and culture as these topics relate to sex work. http://www.walnet.org/csis/
More sites about: Canada > British Columbia > Greater Vancouver > Vancouver > Sex Work
3. Commercial Sex Scene in Singapore - guide to Geylang, Keong Saik Street, and more. http://www.webcom.com/leongsam/comsex.html More sites about: Singapore > Sex Work > Prostitution
4. Children and Prostitution - UNICEF-sponsored report on the commercial sexual exploitation of children.
http://childhouse.uio.no/childwatch/cwi/projects/indicators/prostitutio…
More sites about: Child Prostitution
5. The Commerce of Commercial Sex - article on the Vancouver hustling scene from Andrew Sorfleet.
http://www.walnet.org/csis/news/canada_97/fab-9709-2.html
More sites about: Canada > British Columbia > Greater Vancouver > Vancouver > Sex Work
6. Prostitution and Male Supremacy - Andrea Dworkin's speech at the "Prostitution: From Academia to Activism" symposium.
http://www.igc.org/Womensnet/dworkin/MichLawJournalI.html
More sites about: Sex Work > Prostitution

7. SAFCO - table of contents
... L'Afrique et le Nepad: Qu'en est-il du VIH/SIDA / Africa And Nepad: What About
HIV/AIDS, safco, 02 May. 381. La prostitution des enfants / Child prostitution, ...
http://www.hivnet.ch:8000/africa/safco/
More Results From: www.hivnet.ch
8. Prostitution in: South Africa
South Africa. Legal Situation: Prostitution Status: Prostitution has been legalized
in November 1997. Details unknown. The age of consent: unknown. ...
http://www.worldsexguide.org/south-africa.html
More Results From: www.worldsexguide.org
9. Childhood on the Market, Teenage prostitution in Southern Africa ...
... The growth of child prostitution in Southern Africa is due largely to poverty, unequal
gender relationships, a breakdown of family structures, limited access ...
http://www.iss.co.za/PUBS/ASR/10No4/Perschler.html
More Results From: www.iss.co.za
10. allAfrica.com: Prostitution Bill to Be Reviewed
... Prostitution ...
http://allafrica.com/stories/200204260237.html
More Results From: allafrica.com
11. AfricaOnline.com - Zambia: Sex workers want law outlawing ...
... Zambia: Sex workers want law outlawing prostitution abolished. Zambia
map, (Africa Online Ltd.), Staff Reporter LUSAKA, 29 April 2002 ...
http://www.africaonline.com/site/Articles/1,3,47298.jsp
More Results From: www.africaonline.com
12. The decriminalization of Prostitution in South Africa: Medical ...
... left.jpg (728 bytes) Back to life issues menu right.jpg (758 bytes) order.jpg (1268
bytes) The decriminalization of Prostitution in South Africa: Medical and ...
http://www.dfl.org.za/issues/Prostitution/dfl_prostitution.htm
More Results From: www.dfl.org.za
13. Africa ... With or Without a Condom In Ethiopia, a center of prostitution in Africa, girls
as young as 9 years old are forced into the life by economic circumstances. ...
http://www.filmakers.com/AFRICAN.htm
More Results From: www.filmakers.com
14. South Africa: Prostitution of Black Children
STREET CHILDREN Africa SAPA 27 May 1997. STUDY ON BLACK CHILD PROSTITUTION
CALLS FOR GOVERNMENT ACTION PRETORIA. Black child prostitutes ...
http://pangaea.org/street_children/africa/safrsex4.htm
More Results From: pangaea.org
15. child003 'Worst Forms of Child Labour' abundant throughout Africa
... tolerance". Global March's report additionally documents the growing industry
of child prostitution in South Africa. "Child prostitution ...
http://www.afrol.com/News/child003_child_labour.htm
More Results From: www.afrol.com
16. Prostitution in Five Countries
... PCL Mean (reflects PTSD severity), SD*. I Current study 68 people in prostitution
(South Africa) 110 people in prostitution (Thailand) 50 women in prostitution ...
http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/fempsy2.html
More Results From: www.prostitutionresearch.com
17. Prostitutes want legalisation
... Lusaka - Zambian sex workers, who recently staged a protest against police
harassment, now want a law that prohibits prostitution to be abolished. ...
http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/Southern_Africa/0,1113,2-11-40_1174…
More Results From: www.news24.com
18. Intellectual Prostitution: - A Growing Problem in the Horn of ...
Comment: Intellectual Mercenaries Invade the Horn of Africa. Saturday,
March 13, 1999 Let us first define a mercenary as "One who ...
http://www.geocities.com/Eureka/Park/5875/NewsMar99/Comment_Mar13_Conne…
More Results From: www.geocities.com
19. Boston Globe Online / Nation | World
... AFRICAN. PROSTITUTION Prostitution plays key role in fueling Africa's
AIDS crisis By Wil Haygood, Globe Staff, 10/11/99. ARLETONVILLE ...
http://www.boston.com/globe/nation/packages/aids_african/prostitution.h…
More Results From: www.boston.com
20. SAfrica- Facts on Trafficking and Prostitution
... South Africa is a transit zone for international child pornography and
prostitution. (Merab Kirmire, End Child Prostitution, Pornography ...
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/soafrica.htm
More Results From: www.uri.edu
21. UN says kids sexually abused in West Africa refugee camps
... A Closer Look at Prostitution Editorial to the Philippine Daily Inquirer. Last
week, Labor Secretary Patricio Sto.Tomas called for a review of the anti ...
http://www.preda.org/archives/r02031201.html
More Results From: www.preda.org
22. IRIN - Southern Africa: Region moves to protect girls from ...
... SOUTHERN AFRICA: Region moves to protect girls from prostitution. JOHANNESBURG, 9 October (IRIN) - International sex syndicates are luring pre-pubescent girls ...
http://www.globalmarch.org/clns/daily-news/october/oct-9-2001.html
More Results From: www.globalmarch.org
23. BBC News | AFRICA | S Africa's child sex trafficking nightmare
... Internet links: Unicef Ecpat:Anti-child prostitution group Molo Songololo The BBC
is not responsible for the content of external internet sites Top Africa ...
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/africa/newsid_1037000/1037215.stm
More Results From: news.bbc.co.uk
24. Child Sex Industry Booms In South Africa
... It was attended by 18 organisations which for the first time began sharing
the information they have on child prostitution in South Africa. ...
http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/37a/029.html
More Results From: www.hartford-hwp.com

Services offered by ZWRCN

• Internet Cafe we offer training in E-mail and Internet, short computers courses and select software programmes. Follow the link for a visual of the Café.
• Lobbying and advocacy for gender justice
• Resource Centre on gender and development issues
• Gender and development Talks
For more information contact us at:
Address: 288 Herbert Chitepo Avenue, P O Box 2192, Harare, Zimbabwe
Telephones: 263-4-737435, 792450, 252389
Fax No: 263-4-720331
E-mail: [email protected]
http://www.zwrcn.org.zw